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Santé Animale Maladies animales transmissibles à l'homme

Lassa Virus in Multimammate Rats, Côte d’Ivoire, 2013

La fièvre de Lassa est une maladie zoonotique causée par le virus Lassa (LASV), dont le principal réservoir est le rat multimammé (Mastomys natalensis). Bien que la maladie soit principalement endémique en Guinée, au Liberia, en Sierra Leone et au Nigeria, peu de données étaient disponibles sur la circulation du virus en Côte d’Ivoire. Cette étude avait pour objectif de déterminer si le virus Lassa circulait chez les rongeurs sauvages dans différentes régions écologiques du pays. Entre août et octobre 2013, les chercheurs ont capturé 281 petits mammifères (254 rongeurs et 27 insectivores) dans quinze villages situés autour de Korhogo, Bouaké et du Parc national de Taï. Les espèces ont été identifiées par analyses morphologiques et génétiques, puis les tissus pulmonaires ont été analysés par RT-PCR en temps réel afin de détecter l’ARN du virus Lassa. Les résultats ont montré la présence du virus chez 4 des 18 spécimens de Mastomys natalensis capturés dans le village de Gbalôhô, près de Korhogo, soit une prévalence de 22,2 %. Tous les animaux infectés avaient été capturés à l’intérieur des habitations, ce qui met en évidence un risque potentiel de transmission du virus à l’être humain. Les analyses phylogénétiques ont révélé que les souches détectées en Côte d’Ivoire étaient étroitement apparentées à celles identifiées au Mali ainsi qu’à la souche AV isolée chez un patient allemand ayant voyagé en Afrique de l’Ouest. Les analyses évolutives suggèrent que ces virus partagent un ancêtre commun ayant circulé il y a environ 90 ans. Cette étude constitue la première preuve de la circulation du virus Lassa chez son réservoir naturel en Côte d’Ivoire. Elle démontre que le nord du pays, en particulier la région de Korhogo, représente une zone potentielle d’endémie et souligne l’importance de renforcer la surveillance des rongeurs, le diagnostic des cas humains et les actions de sensibilisation afin d’améliorer la détection et la prévention de la fièvre de Lassa

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Dr Kouadio Léonce

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Santé Animale Virologie vétérinaire

Multiple DNA viruses identified in multimammate mouse (Mastomys natalensis) populations from across regions of sub‑Saharan Africa

The multimammate mouse (Mastomys natalensis; M. natalensis) serves as the main reservoir for the zoonotic arenavirus Lassa virus (LASV), and this has led to considerable investigation into the distribution of LASV and other related arenaviruses in this host species. In contrast to the situation with arenaviruses, the presence of other viruses in M. natalensis remains largely unexplored. In this study, herpesviruses and polyomaviruses were identified and partially characterized by PCR methods, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. In tissues sampled from M. natalensis populations in Côte d’Ivoire and Mali, six new DNA viruses (four betaherpesviruses, one gammaherpesvirus and one polyomavirus) were identified. Phylogenetic analysis based on glycoprotein B amino acid sequences showed that the herpesviruses clustered with cytomegaloviruses and rhadinoviruses of multiple rodent species. The complete circular genome of the newly identified polyomavirus was amplified by PCR. Amino acid sequence analysis of the large T antigen or VP1 showed that this virus clustered with a known polyomavirus from a house mouse (species Mus musculus polyomavirus 1). These two polyomaviruses form a clade with other rodent polyomaviruses, and the newly identified virus represents the third known polyomavirus of M. natalensis. This study represents the first identification of herpesviruses and the discovery of a novel polyomavirus in M. natalensis. In contrast to arenaviruses, we anticipate that these newly identified viruses represent a low zoonotic risk due to the normally highly restricted specificity of members of these two DNA virus families to their individual mammalian host species.

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Dr Kouadio Léonce

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Santé Humaine Maladies infectieuses et tropicales

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice toward Simulium Nuisances among Local Population in Guiembé, Poro Region , Côte d’Ivoire

Background: Onchocerciasis (river blindness) was a major cause of blindness with significant socio-economic impacts. In endemic regions like Côte d'Ivoire, understanding community knowledge, perceptions, and behaviors is crucial for enhancing the effectiveness of preventive measures promoted by the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control and Expanded Special Project for Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases (ESPEN 2016-present). This study assessedthe knowledge, attitudes, and practices of rural populations in Guiembé toward Simulidian nuisances. Methods: Cluster random sampling was used to select 120 adults for the study. Semi-structured questionnaires were administered to subjects. Data on knowledge of the local name, cause, mode of transmission, manifestation, severity, treatment, and prevention of onchocerciasis were collected and analysed. Results: The studied population was predominantly male (68.3%) and had limited access to secondary education. Their primary professional activity was agriculture (84.2%). A high proportion of respondents (95.5%) reported at least one blackfly bite, primarily occurring in fields (45.8%) and near rivers (35.0%). Itching was identified as the main effect of the bites, reported by 98.3% of respondents. Grasses were perceived as the primary factor promoting the proliferation of these flies. Blackfly biting activity was more intense during the afternoon (58.3%), with a clear preference for the legs (79.2%). Regarding prevention methods, the majority of respondents (90.8%) stated they simply wore clothing for protection. In contrast, after a bite, most respondents (83.3%) took no specific measures to alleviate symptoms. Conclusion: This study reveals a high level of exposure to black fly bites, combined with a lack of knowledge of their bioecology among residents, leading to ongoing exposure. The low uptake of post-bite curative measures highlights significant gaps in community knowledge and practice. Strengthening health education, as well as promoting preventive strategies and appropriate post-bite care, could improve the uptake and effectiveness of onchocerciasis control interventions in rural Guiembé.

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Dr Kouadio Léonce

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Santé Humaine Zoonoses et maladies émergentes

Persistence of Hantavirus circulation in Neoromicia Nanus (banana pipistrelle) in Aboisso, South East Côte d’Ivoire

The hantavirus Mouyassué was first described in 2009 in banana pipistrelle (Neoromicia nanus) near Aboisso South East Côte d’Ivoire. In order to investigate the persistence of hantavirus in this region, eight years later we captured 163 banana pipistrelle in the same region. The use of nested RT -PCR allowed the detection of the virus within 30 banana pipistrelle that represents 18%. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the detected viruses all belonged to the hantavirus Mouyassué virus. These results demonstrated that banana pipistrelle constitute natural host of hantavirus in this area. Given that banana pipistrelles are commonly found in and around villages and frequently roost in the roofs of houses, further investigation is warranted to assess the potential risk of hantavirus transmission to humans.

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Dr Kouadio Léonce

👁 8 📥

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Santé Animale Faune sauvage et réservoirs

Transmission of MPXV from fire-footed rope squirrels to sooty mangabeys

Mpox, caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV; Orthopoxvirus monkeypox), is on the rise in West and Central Africa1–3. African rodents, especially squirrels, are suspected to be involved in MPXV emergence, but no evidence of a direct transmission to humans or non-human primates has been established4–9. Here we describe an outbreak of MPXV in a group of wild sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys) in Taï National Park (Côte d’Ivoire). The outbreak affected one-third of the group, killing four infants. To track its origin, we analysed rodents and wildlife carcasses from the region. We identified a MPXV-infected fire-footed rope squirrel (Funisciurus pyrropus), found dead 3 km from the mangabey territory 12 weeks before the outbreak. MPXV genomes from the squirrel and the mangabey were nearly identical. A video record from 2014 showed a mangabey from this group eating the same squirrel species and diet metabarcoding of faecal samples collected from mangabeys before the outbreak identified two samples containing fire-footed rope squirrel DNA. One of these samples was also the first positive for MPXV. This represents a rare case of direct detection of interspecies transmission. Our findings indicate that rope squirrels were the source of the MPXV outbreak in mangabeys. Because squirrels and non-human primates are hunted, traded and consumed by humans in West and Central Africa exposure to these animals probably represents risk for zoonotic transmission of MPXV.

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Dr Kouadio Léonce

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Santé Humaine Nutrition et alimentation

Évaluation de la conformité des denrées alimentaires analysées au Laboratoire National de Santé Publique Côte d’Ivoire de 2018 à 2023)

Introduction Le contrôle des aliments reste un élément clé de leur qualité. En effet, l’absence de cette action peut impacter la santé des populations. L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer la conformité des denrées alimentaires au Laboratoire National de Santé Publique (LNSP) de 2018 à 2023. Méthodes L’étude était de type transversal descriptif et s’est déroulée en Avril 2025. Elle a porté sur l’exploitation des archives électroniques des résultats d’analyse générée au Laboratoire National de Santé Publique de 2018 à 2023. Ces données ont ensuite été saisies et traitées à l’aide du logiciel EXCEL 2021. Résultats Le LNSP a généré 1053 certificats d’analyse. Parmi ces certificats, 469 (44%) certificats étaient conformes, 301 (29%) certificats étaient non-conformes et 283 (27%) certificats étaient non-applicables (NA). Le statut des échantillons était significatif en 2022 avec 74 (36%) certificats non-conformes, en 2023 avec 184 (57%) certificats conformes et en 2019, 2021, 2022 et 2023 avec environ 30% des certificats non-applicables. Conclusion Les autorités doivent mettre en place les spécifications de conformité des denrées alimentaires locales. Message de santé publique Renforcer les contrôles des denrées alimentaires pour garantir la sécurité sanitaire des aliments sur le marché.

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Dr N'guessan Deto Ursul Jean-Paul

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Santé Humaine Résistance aux antimicrobiens

Expérience de l’utilisation du linézolide dans la prise en charge des infections à staphylocoques multirésistants au CHU d’Angré (Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire) de 2022 à 2025. A propos d’une série de 8 cas

La vancomycine est le traitement de référence des infections à staphylocoques multirésistants. Toutefois, en cas d’impossibilité le linézolide, chef de file de la classe des oxazolidinones et mis sur le marché au début des années 2000 constitue une alternative de choix. En Côte d’Ivoire, il n’est utilisé depuis 2024 que dans la prise en charge de la tuberculose multirésistante, il a été possible de recevoir du linézolide sous forme de solution pour perfusion. Ainsi, 9 patients ont pu en bénéficier. Il s’agissait de patients atteints d’infections à staphylocoques multirésistants, pour lesquels il y avait peu d’alternatives. Les situations étaient variées, tant en termes d’âge (aussi bien des enfants que des patients de gériatrie), que de localisation du foyer infectieux (infections ostéoarticulaires, pleuropulmonaires, septicémies). Mais tous les cas ont été traités avec succès. Cette série de cas confirme ainsi l’intérêt de l’introduction du linézolide dans l’arsenal thérapeutique, à condition qu’il soit utilisé comme antibiotique de réserve pour préserver son efficacité.

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Dr N'guessan Deto Ursul Jean-Paul

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Santé Humaine Santé maternelle et infantile Paludisme

Analyse des déterminants de la performance des agents de santé communautaires: le cas du district sanitaire de Madinani

Après la déclaration d’Alma Ata (1978) et l’initiative de Bamako (1987), les soins de santé primaires sont devenus les piliers de nombreux systèmes de santé à travers le monde. Dans ce contexte, les agents de santé communautaires jouent un rôle crucial. Le défi actuel est la professionnalisation de ces agents en vue de soutenir de manière significative les systèmes de santé et cela n’est possible que si ceux-ci sont performants et atteignent les objectifs qui leur sont assignés. Notre étude qui a consisté à identifier les déterminants de la performance des agents de santé communautaire s’est faite par une régression logistique simple sur les cent trente quatre (134) agents de santé communautaires du district sanitaire de Madinani dans le nord-ouest de la Côte d’Ivoire. Avec le soutien de l’ONG Muso, nous avons constitué deux groupes d’ASC : les performants (ayant un taux de couverture supérieur ou égal à 80%) et les non performants (avec un taux de couverture strictement inférieur à 80%). En collaboration avec le district sanitaire, nous avons collecté les données socio-démographiques, socio économiques et contextuelles auprès de tous les ASC à travers un formulaire google renseigné individuellement par chacun des ASC. L’analyse économétrique avec Stata 17 a révélé que des facteurs tels que le sexe masculin, la taille du ménage et la supervision dédiée sont positivement associés à la performance de l’ASC. Cependant, l’âge et le nombre d’année d’expérience élevés ont un lien négatif avec la performance de l’agent de santé communautaire.

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M. ME KOUADIO ARNAUD

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Santé Humaine Épidémiologie et surveillance

Molecular characterization of Schistosoma mansoni among schoolchildren in Côte d’Ivoire

Schistosomiasis remains a great public health problem in several tropical and subtropical countries. Recently in Côte d’Ivoire, we have investigated hybrids between S. haematobium and S. bovis in human urine samples. Moreover, S. haematobium x S. mansoni hybrid has recently been identified in a French hospital in a migrant boy originated from Duekoué, western part of the country. The aim of this project was to molecularly characterize Schistosoma mansoni among schoolchildren in Côte d’Ivoire. A cross-sectional study was conducted in two localities of Côte d'Ivoire (Agboville and Duekoué). Stool samples were collected from schoolchildren and examined by Kato-Katz method to identify Schistosoma eggs. Miracidia were individually isolated and stored on Whatman ® FTA card. We analyzed miracidia from stool samples using a Cox1 gene multiplex PCR. Nuclear ITS gene has not been analyzed. A total of 661 schoolchildren was included in this study. More boys than girls (61.9% vs. 38.1%) were included and the highest proportion of children was included in Agboville. The overall prevalence of S. mansoni infection was 9.8% (95% CI: 4.8-13.5%). Of the 239 miracidia molecularly analyzed, 166 yielded positive PCR signal (82.5% in Agboville and 17.5% in Duekoué). Only one case of S. haematobium Cox1 has been identified in Agboville. This case should be hybrid S. haematobium x S. mansoni. Our study reports that intestinal schistosomiasis remains prevalent even if the infection rate was low. Only one case of S. haematobium Cox1 was identified, suggesting the presence of S. haematobium x S. mansoni hybrids at very low prevalence.

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Dr ANGORA Kpongbo Etienne

👁 23 📥

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Santé Environnementale Résistance aux antimicrobiens en environnement

Identification of Environmental Fungal Species in Clinical Services of University Hospital of Angre, Abidjan (Cote d’Ivoire)

Introduction: In hospital’s environment, hygiene of premises and ambient air quality are essential for healthcare. Airborne fungal agents constitute a health concern for patients in these premises. Objective: To identify the fungal agents of the environment in the clinical services of University Hospital of Angre. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in the clinical services of the University Hospital of Angre from February to May 2024. Samples were taken by swabbing and exposing sterile Petri dishes to the air; then they were plated on Sabouraud-Chloramphenicol medium and incubated in oven at 37° C. Identification of yeast strains was performed using chromogenic medium and the VITEK 2 Ò Compact. Molds identification was based on the macroscopic characteristics and microscopic examination of colonies. Results: Among 429 samples, 206 positive cultures (48%) with a higher positivity rate in the surgical emergency service (93.1%). The most isolated fungal agents were molds (84%) with Aspergillus niger at 41.4%. Candida parapsilosis and Candida krusei species were the most prevalent yeasts isolated respectively at 42.3% and 23.1%. The frequency rate of fungal species was correlated to clinical services and sampling sites (p<0.001). The implementation of rigorous hygiene measures and regular decontamination of fungal niches should be systematically to avoid possible nosocomial infections.

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Dr ANGORA Kpongbo Etienne

👁 25 📥

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Santé Humaine Maladies infectieuses et tropicales

Evaluation of knowledges and experiences of female genital schistosomiasis among healthcare workers in gynecology services in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS), a serious clinical form of urinary schistosomiasis, is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa but little-known in Côte d'Ivoire. The objective of this study was to assess practitioners' knowledge and experience of FGS in Abidjan. Data were collected using a questionnaire from March to October 2024 in healthcare centers in Abidjan among 281 healthcare workers in gynecology and obstetrics services. Only 57% of respondents identified Schistosoma haematobium as the causative agent, and the mode of transcutaneous contamination was known by very few (0.46%). Infertility and the risk of HIV infection were recognized as consequences of the disease by 20.1% and 9.6% of respondents, respectively. The pelvic examination to confirm FGS was known by only 11% of practitioners. For treatment, 66.7% of practitioners were aware of praziquantel. However, mass drug administration with praziquantel as a prevention method was not well-known (4.55%). Regarding experience with FGS, only 5% of respondents had ever suspected or experienced cases in their facility, and in 50% of these cases, the specific treatment used was praziquantel. This study highlights that FGS is not well-known by practitioners, and health professionals' lack of information about the disease can lead to poor treatment. Implementing training and awareness-raising programs for healthcare personnel will help prevent consequences for women in areas at risk of urinary schistosomiasis.

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Dr ANGORA Kpongbo Etienne

👁 18 📥

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Santé Humaine Maladies infectieuses et tropicales

Knowledge of patients and interest of Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RTDs) for uncomplicated malaria efficient management in community pharmacies of Côte d’Ivoire

For better management of malaria, WHO recommends early biological diagnosis for rapid treatment. In Côte d'Ivoire, due to difficulties associated with the use of microscopy in primary health care facilities, the biological diagnosis of malaria relies mainly on RDTs. Private pharmacies play an important role in the outpatient healthcare using RDTs to diagnose malaria. The aim of this study was to determine knowledge of patients and frequency of malaria cases using RDTs among patients in private pharmacies of Côte d’Ivoire. This cross-sectional survey was carried out from June to November 2020 among patients in three private pharmacies. Questionnaire was administered to individuals after informed consent to assess knowledge and collect sociodemographic data. Blood samples were taken from patients and the "ABON™ Plus Malaria P.f /Pan" RDT was performed on each sample. Of 450 subjects sampled, 33.3% (150/450) were RDTs positive. Plasmodium falciparum was the only species identified. The majority of the population (93.4%) revealed that the mode of transmission of malaria is mosquito bites. The main symptom of patients was fever (85.6%). The main ways of malaria prevention mentioned by patients were the use of insecticides (80%) and mosquito nets (73.5%). The majority of patients (74.6%) justified biological confirmation by detecting parasite in blood. This study shows the importance of confirming suspected cases of malaria in all contexts, in order to avoid misuse of anti-malarial drugs in pharmacies.

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Dr ANGORA Kpongbo Etienne

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